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his university career

Толкование Перевод

1 career

career [kəˈrɪə^r]

1. noun

carrière f

• he is making a career for himself in advertising il est en train de faire carrière dans la publicité

• his university career sa carrière universitaire

2. intransitive verb

aller à toute allure

• to career up/down monter/descendre à toute allure

3. compounds

► career break noun pause f dans une (or sa etc) carrière

• to take a career break faire une pause dans sa carrière ► career girl noun jeune femme f ambitieuse

► career move noun changement m professionnel

► career prospects plural noun possibilités fpl d'avancement

► careers advisor, careers counselor noun (US) conseiller m, - ère f d'orientation professionnelle

► careers guidance noun (British) orientation f professionnelle

► career woman noun femme f ambitieuse

* * *
[kə'rɪə(r)] 1.
noun carrière f

political career — carrière politique

a career in television/in teaching — une carrière à la télévision/dans l'enseignement

a career as a journalist — une carrière de journaliste

school career — scolarité f
2.
noun modifier [ diplomat] de carrière; [ soldier] de métier
3.
intransitive verb

to career in/out — entrer/sortir à toute vitesse

to career off the road — quitter la route

to career out of control — s'emballer

English-French dictionary > career
2 career

career [kə'rɪə(r)]

1 noun

(a) (profession) carrière f, profession f;

∎ a career in banking une carrière dans la banque ou de banquier;

∎ she made a career (for herself) in politics elle a fait carrière dans la politique

(b) (life) vie f, carrière f;

∎ he spent most of his career working as a journalist il a travaillé presque toute sa vie comme journaliste;

∎ her university career son parcours universitaire

2 compound-forming noun

(diplomat, soldier) de carrière;

∎ it's a good/bad career move c'est bon/mauvais pour ta/sa/ etc carrière;

∎ good career prospects de bonnes possibilités d'avancement

3 intransitive verb

∎ British the car careered wildly down the hill la voiture a descendu la colline à toute vitesse;

∎ to career along aller à toute vitesse ou à toute allure;

∎ to career into a lorry (vehicle) foncer dans un camion;

∎ the car careered off the road la voiture a quitté la route à vive allure

►► career break interruption f de carrière;

∎ to take a career break interrompre sa carrière (pour élever des enfants, reprendre des études etc);

career development évolution f professionnelle;

British career girl jeune fille f ambitieuse ou qui ne pense qu'à sa carrière; School &

University careers advisor or careers adviser or careers officer conseiller(ère) m,f d'orientation professionnelle;

careers guidance orientation f professionnelle;

careers master conseiller m d'orientation professionnelle;

careers mistress conseillère f d'orientation professionnelle;

careers office, careers service centre m d'orientation professionnelle;

career woman = femme f ambitieuse ou qui ne pense qu'à sa carrière

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > career
3 have smb. in tow

(have (или take) smb. in tow)

1) взять на буксир, опекать кого-л.; иметь кого-л. на своём попечении или под своим покровительством

Professor Cowey had published works through Theobald's father, and Theobald had on this account been taken in tow by Mrs. Cowey, from the beginning of his University career. (S. Butler, ‘The Way of All Flesh’, ch. X) — Отец Теобалда помог профессору Коуи опубликовать его работы, и поэтому миссис Коуи опекала Теобалда с первых дней его университетской жизни.

2) иметь кого-л. в числе своих поклонников

Now that she has the Buccaneer in tow, she doesn't care twopence about you, and you'll find it out. (J. Galsworthy, ‘The Man of Property’, part I, ch. V) — С тех пор, как Джун взяла на буксир этого "пирата", ей стало не до тебя, скоро ты сама в этом убедишься.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > have smb. in tow
4 have smb. in tow

   1) пoявитьcя в кoмпaнии кoгo-л., вмecтe c кeм-л. (тж. with smb. In tow)

    At that moment Hex, urbane as ever, appeared In our midst with the parson In tow (J. Wain)

   2) взять нa букcиp, oпeкaть кoгo-л., имeть кoгo-л. нa cвoём пoпeчeнии или пoд cвoим пoкpoвитeльcтвoм (тж. take smb. In tow)

    Professor Cowey had published works through Theobald's father, and Theobald had on this account been taken In tow by Mrs. Cowey, from the beginning of his University career (S. Butler)

   3) имeть кoгo-л. в чиcлe cвoиx пoклoнникoв (тж. take smb. in tow)

    Now that she has the Buccaneer In tow, she doesn't care twopence about you, and you'll find It out (J. Galsworthy)

Concise English-Russian phrasebook > have smb. in tow
5 carrera

f.

1 race.

carreras races, racing

¿echamos una carrera? shall we race each other?

carrera armamentística o de armamentos arms race

carrera de caballos horse race

carrera de coches motor race

carrera contrarreloj time trial (en ciclismo)

la carrera espacial the space race

carrera de fondo long-distance race

carrera de obstáculos steeplechase

carrera de relevos relay (race)

2 university course (estudios).

hacer la carrera de derecho/físicas to study law/physics (at university)

cuando acabes la carrera when you finish your studies

3 career.

hacer carrera to succeed (in life) (triunfar)

4 route (trayecto).

5 ride.

¿cuánto es la carrera a la estación? what's the fare to the station?

6 ladder (British), run (United States).

7 stroke (Tec) (de émbolo).

8 run.

9 parting (en el pelo). (Colombian Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Venezuelan Spanish)

10 run in stocking, run in hose, run, ladder.

11 travel, sliding gap.

* * *

carrera

► nombre femenino

1 (acción) run

2 (trayecto - de desfile) route; (- de taxi) ride, journey; (- de planeta) course

3 (camino) road

4 DEPORTE race

■ ganó la carrera she won the race

5 (estudios) degree course, university education

■ hacer la carrera de medicina to study medicine

■ ¿qué carrera hiciste? what did you study at University?, US what did you major in?

6 (profesión) career

■ quiere una carrera en el teatro he wants a career in the theatre

■ es una mujer de carrera she's a career woman

7 (de media) ladder, US run

8 (calle) street, avenue

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a la carrera in a hurry

dar carrera a alguien to pay for somebody's studies

darse una carrera to hurry, run as fast as one can

de carrera figurado parrot fashion

hacer carrera figurado to get on

hacer carrera en la vida figurado to succeed in life

hacer la carrera eufemístico to walk the streets

no poder hacer carrera con/de alguien not to be able to do a thing with somebody

■ Mariano es muy cabezota y no se puede hacer carrera de él Mariano is so stubborn that you can't get anywhere with him

tomar carrera to take a run

carrera contra reloj race against the clock

carrera de armamentos / carrera armamentística arms race

carrera de caballos horse race

carrera de coches / carrera de automóviles car race

carrera de fondo long-distance race

carrera de medio fondo middle-distance race

carrera de relevos relay race

carrera de vallas hurdle race

carrera diplomática diplomatic career

* * *

noun f.

1) run

2) race

3) course

4) career

* * *

SF

1) (=acción) (tb Béisbol) run

tuvimos que pegarnos una carrera para no perder el tren — we had to run for it so as not to miss the train

emprendí una loca carrera en dirección a la salida — I made a mad dash o rush for the exit

¿nos echamos una carrera hasta el muro? — race you to the wall!

nos fuimos de una carrera y llegamos en cinco minutos — we ran for it o rushed over and got there in five minutes

- a la carrera

consiguieron escapar a la carrera — they managed to make a quick getaway

siento tener que dar explicaciones tan a la carrera — I'm sorry to have to explain in such a rush

tuvo que hacer el trabajo a la carrera — he had to rush through the job o do the job in a rush

- a carrera tendida

carrera de aterrizaje — landing run

carrera de despegue — take-off run

carrera del oro — gold rush

2) (=competición) race

las carreras de Fórmula 1 — Formula 1 races

carrera armamentista, carrera armamentística — arms race

carrera campo a través — cross country race

carrera ciclista — (bi)cycle race

carrera contrarreloj — (lit) time trial; (fig) race against time

carrera corta — dash, sprint

carrera de armamentos — arms race

carrera de caballos — horse race

carrera de coches — motor race

carrera de ensacados — Cono Sur sack race

carrera de fondo — long-distance race

carrera de galgos — greyhound race

la Carrera de Indias — ( Hist) the Indies run

carrera de medio fondo — middle-distance race

carrera de obstáculos — (Atletismo, Equitación) steeplechase; [para niños] obstacle race

carrera de relevos — relay, relay race

carrera de resistencia — long-distance race

carrera de sacos — sack race

carrera de vallas — (Atletismo) hurdles; (Equitación) steeplechase

carrera espacial — space race

carrera pedestre — walking race

carrera popular — fun run

3) (tb: carrera universitaria) (university) course

no sabe qué hará cuando termine la carrera — he doesn't know what he'll do after university o when he finishes his course

está en primero de carrera — she's in her first year (at university)

quiere que sus hijos estudien una carrera — she wants her children to go to university

había comenzado a estudiar la carrera de Medicina — she had started studying medicine

• dar carrera a algn — to pay sb through college

• hacer una carrera, estoy haciendo la carrera de Económicas — I'm doing a degree in economics

• tener carrera — to have a (university) degree

carrera de ciencias — science degree

carrera de letras — arts degree

4) (tb: carrera profesional) career

tuvo una brillante carrera como actriz — she had an outstanding career as an actress

se encuentra en uno de los momentos más difíciles de su carrera política — this is one of the most difficult moments of her political career

• diplomático de carrera — career diplomat

militar de carrera — career officer

• hacer carrera — to advance one's career, pursue a career

quiso hacer carrera en el partido — he tried to pursue a career o advance his career in the party

muchos prefieren hacer carrera en el extranjero — many prefer to pursue careers abroad

- hacer carrera de o con algn

no hago carrera con este niño — I can't make any headway o I'm getting nowhere with this child

- hacer la carrera

carrera artística — [de actor] career as an actor; [de pintor, escultor] artistic career

carrera cinematográfica — film career

carrera literaria — literary career, career as a writer

carrera militar — career as a soldier, military career

carrera política — political career, career as a politician

5) [en medias] run, ladder

6) (=recorrido) [de desfile] route; [de taxi] ride, journey; [de barco] run, route; [de estrella, planeta] course

la carrera del sol — the course of the sun

7) (=avenida) avenue

8) (Mec) [de émbolo] stroke; [de válvula] lift

carrera ascendente — upstroke

carrera descendente — downstroke

9) (=hilera) row, line; [de ladrillos] course

10) (=viga) beam, rafter

11) (Mús) run

* * *

femenino

1) (Dep) ( competición) race

carrera de caballos — horse race

las carreras — the races

la carrera de los 100 metros vallas — the 100 meters hurdles

te echo or (RPl) te juego una carrera — I'll race you

- carrera armamentista or -tística

- carrera contra reloj

- carrera de armamentos

- carrera de fondo

- carrera de obstáculos

- carrera de postas or de relevos

- carrera de sacos or de costales or de embolsados or de ensacados

- carrera espacial

2)

a) (fam) ( corrida)

tendremos que echar una carrera si queremos alcanzar el tren — we'll have to run if we want to catch the train (colloq)

darse or pegarse una carrera — to run as fast as one can

me fui de una carrera a su casa — I tore o raced o rushed round to her house (colloq)

a la(s) carrera(s): siempre anda a la(s) carrera(s) she's always in a hurry o rush; hice la última parte a la(s) carrera(s) — I really rushed through the last part

b) (Esp fam)

hacer la carrera — to turn tricks (AmE sl), to be on the game (BrE sl)

3)

a) (Educ) degree course

seguir or hacer una carrera universitaria — to do a degree course, to study for a degree

está haciendo la carrera de Derecho — he's doing a degree in law

tiene la carrera de Física(s) — she has a degree in physics

dejó la carrera a medias — he dropped out halfway through college (AmE) o (BrE) university

les dieron (una) carrera a sus hijos — they put their children through college (AmE) o (BrE) university

b) (profesión, trayectoria) career

es una mujer de carrera — she's a career woman

un diplomático/militar de carrera — a career diplomat/officer

hizo su carrera en el cuerpo diplomático — he pursued a career in the diplomatic corps

hacer carrera — to carve out a career

no poder hacer carrera de or con alguien: no puedo hacer carrera de este hijo mío — I can't do a thing with this son of mine

- carrera media/superior

4) ( recorrido)

a) ( de taxi) ride, journey

b) (AmL) ( en baloncesto)

hacer carrera — to travel

- carrera ascendente/descendente

5) ( en la media) run, ladder (BrE); ( en el pelo) (Col, Ven) part (AmE), parting (BrE)

6) ( en nombres de calles) street

* * *

femenino

1) (Dep) ( competición) race

carrera de caballos — horse race

las carreras — the races

la carrera de los 100 metros vallas — the 100 meters hurdles

te echo or (RPl) te juego una carrera — I'll race you

- carrera armamentista or -tística

- carrera contra reloj

- carrera de armamentos

- carrera de fondo

- carrera de obstáculos

- carrera de postas or de relevos

- carrera de sacos or de costales or de embolsados or de ensacados

- carrera espacial

2)

a) (fam) ( corrida)

tendremos que echar una carrera si queremos alcanzar el tren — we'll have to run if we want to catch the train (colloq)

darse or pegarse una carrera — to run as fast as one can

me fui de una carrera a su casa — I tore o raced o rushed round to her house (colloq)

a la(s) carrera(s): siempre anda a la(s) carrera(s) she's always in a hurry o rush; hice la última parte a la(s) carrera(s) — I really rushed through the last part

b) (Esp fam)

hacer la carrera — to turn tricks (AmE sl), to be on the game (BrE sl)

3)

a) (Educ) degree course

seguir or hacer una carrera universitaria — to do a degree course, to study for a degree

está haciendo la carrera de Derecho — he's doing a degree in law

tiene la carrera de Física(s) — she has a degree in physics

dejó la carrera a medias — he dropped out halfway through college (AmE) o (BrE) university

les dieron (una) carrera a sus hijos — they put their children through college (AmE) o (BrE) university

b) (profesión, trayectoria) career

es una mujer de carrera — she's a career woman

un diplomático/militar de carrera — a career diplomat/officer

hizo su carrera en el cuerpo diplomático — he pursued a career in the diplomatic corps

hacer carrera — to carve out a career

no poder hacer carrera de or con alguien: no puedo hacer carrera de este hijo mío — I can't do a thing with this son of mine

- carrera media/superior

4) ( recorrido)

a) ( de taxi) ride, journey

b) (AmL) ( en baloncesto)

hacer carrera — to travel

- carrera ascendente/descendente

5) ( en la media) run, ladder (BrE); ( en el pelo) (Col, Ven) part (AmE), parting (BrE)

6) ( en nombres de calles) street

* * *

carrera¹

¹ = race.

Ex: Equality of opportunity is a myth: whilst some people start the race highly trained and wearing spikes others have balls and chains attached to their ankles and wear hobnailed boots = La igualdad de oportunidades es un mito: mientras que algunas personas empiezan la carrera muy preparados y llevan zapatillas de clavos, otras arrastran grilletes y cadenas en sus tobillos y llevan botas con clavos.

* bicicleta de carreras = racing bike.

* bici de carreras = racing bike.

* carrera a pie = foot race.

* carrera armamentista, la = arms race, the.

* carrera contra el tiempo = race against time, race against the clock.

* carrera contra reloj = race against time, race against the clock.

* carrera de coches improvisados sin motor = soapbox derby race, soapbox derby.

* carrera de entrenamiento = training run.

* carrera de motocross = motocross race.

* carrera de motos = motorcycle racing.

* carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.

* carrera de relevos = relay race, relay race.

* carrera de sacos = sack race, potato sack race.

* carrera de tres piernas = three-legged race, three-legged race.

* carrera informal = fun run.

* carrera pedestre = foot race.

* carrera presidencial = presidential race.

* carreras = racing.

* carreras de caballos = horse-racing.

* carreras de galgos = greyhound racing.

* circuito de carreras = race track.

* coche de carreras = competition car.

* corredor de carreras = race driver.

carrera²

² = career, career pattern, course of study.

Ex: She began her career at Central Missouri State University where she was Head of the Documents Depository.

Ex: Non-traditional career patterns include part-time work; job share, flexitime, freelance and services by consultants and information brokers.

Ex: The notion that a course of study, whether academic or vocational/technical, prepares a person for a lifetime career is outdated and dangerous.

* avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.

* carrera académica = academic career.

* carrera política = political career.

* carrera profesional = career choice, professional career.

* carrera universitaria = university career, degree programme, academic major.

* primer año de carrera = freshman year.

* * *

carrera

feminine

A ( Dep) (competición) race

carrera de caballos horse race

las carreras the races

la carrera de los 100 metros vallas the 100 meters hurdles

carrera ciclista cycle race

todavía quedan en carrera 124 competidores there are still 124 competitors in the race

te echo or ( RPl) te juego una carrera I'll race you

Compuestos:

● carrera armamentista or armamentística

arms race

● carrera contra reloj

( Dep) time trial

una carrera contra reloj para salvar el monumento a race against time o against the clock to save the monument

● carrera de armamentos

arms race

● carrera de costales

( Col) sack race

● carrera de embolsados

( RPl) sack race

● carrera de ensacados

( Chi) sack race

● carrera de fondo

long-distance race

● carrera de obstáculos

( Equ) steeplechase; (en atletismo) steeplechase; (para niños) obstacle race

● carrera de persecución

pursuit race

● carrera de relevos or ( AmL tb) de postas

relay race

● carrera de regularidad

rally

● carrera de resistencia

long-distance race

● carrera de sacos

sack race

● carrera de tres pies

three-legged race

● carrera de trotones

sulky o harness race

● carrera espacial

space race

● carrera pedestre

footrace

● carrera popular

fun run

● carreras cuatreras

fpl gaucho horse races (pl)

B

1 ( fam)

(corrida): tendremos que echar una carrera si queremos alcanzar el tren we'll have to get moving o get a move on if we want to catch the train ( colloq)

darse or pegarse una carrera to run as fast as one can, run like the clappers ( BrE colloq)

me fui de una carrera a casa de la abuela I tore o raced o rushed round to my grandmother's house ( colloq)

a la carreraor a las carreras: siempre anda a las carreras she's always in a hurry o rush

se llevó el dinero y huyó a la carrera he took the money and ran

hice la última parte a las carreras I really rushed through the last part

tomar carrera to take a run-up

2

( Esp fam): hacer la carrera to work as a prostitute, turn tricks ( AmE sl)

hace la carrera por las Ramblas she works her beat o turns tricks along the Ramblas (sl)

C

1 ( Educ) degree course

seguir or hacer una carrera universitaria to do a degree course, to study for a degree

está haciendo la carrera de Derecho he's doing a degree in law o a law degree

tiene la carrera de Físicas she has a degree in physics

cuando termine la carrera piensa colocarse de profesora when she finishes her studies o degree o when she graduates she intends to get a job as teacher

dejó la carrera a medias he dropped out halfway through college ( AmE), he dropped out halfway through university o through his degree course ( BrE)

muy pocos podían dar carrera a sus hijos very few people could afford to put their children through college ( AmE) o ( BrE) university

2 (profesión, trayectoria) career

es una mujer de carrera she's a career woman

un diplomático/militar de carrera a career diplomat/officer

hizo su carrera en el cuerpo diplomático he pursued a career in the diplomatic corps

hacer carrera to carve out a career

empieza a hacer carrera en el cine she is beginning to make a name for herself in movies

no poder hacer carrera de or con algn: no puedo hacer carrera de este hijo mío I can't do a thing with this son of mine

Compuestos:

● carrera media

three-year university course

● carrera superior

five-year university course

D (recorrido)

1 (de taxi) ride, journey

el importe de la carrera hasta el aeropuerto the fare to the airport

2 (de un desfile) route

3 ( Astron) course

4

( AmL) (en baloncesto): hacer carrera to travel

5 ( Auto, Mec) (del émbolo) stroke

Compuestos:

● carrera ascendente

upstroke

● carrera descendente

downstroke

E

1 (de puntos) row; (en la media) run, ladder ( BrE)

2 (Col, Ven) (en el pelo) part ( AmE), parting ( BrE)

¿de qué lado te haces la carrera? which side do you part your hair on?

F ( Arquit, Const) joist

G

1 (en nombres de calles) street ( that was once a main route out of town)

2 (en Col) street ( which runs from north to south)

* * *

carrera sustantivo femenino
1 (Dep) ( competición) race;
◊ carrera de caballos horse race;

la carrera de los 100 metros vallas the 100 meters hurdles;
te echo una carrera I'll race you;
carrera de armamentos arms race;
carrera contra reloj (Dep) time trial;
carrera de fondo long-distance race;
carrera de postas o relevos relay race
2 (fam) ( corrida): darse or pegarse una carrera to run as fast as one can;
◊ me fui de una carrera a su casa I raced o rushed round to her house (colloq);

a la(s) carrera(s) in a rush
3
a) (Educ) degree course;

◊ está haciendo la carrera de Derecho he's doing a degree in law

b) (profesión, trayectoria) career;

◊ un diplomático de carrera a career diplomat;

carrera media/superior three-year/five-year university course
4 ( en la media) run, ladder (BrE);
( en el pelo) (Col, Ven) part (AmE), parting (BrE)
carrera sustantivo femenino
1 (en una media) run, ladder
2 (competición) race: te echo una carrera, I'll race you
carrera contrarreloj, race against the clock
carrera de armamentos, arms race
(de caballos) horse race
3 (estudios universitarios) degree
carrera técnica, technical degree
4 (profesión) career, profession
5 (trayecto en taxi) journey
♦ Locuciones: a la carrera, in a hurry
' carrera' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonar
- acabar
- año
- antepenúltima
- antepenúltimo
- comprometer
- conquistar
- cumbre
- disputar
- Ecuador
- hacer
- obstáculo
- plenitud
- relevo
- rutilante
- sprint
- terminar
- trayectoria
- truncar
- ventaja
- vivir
- abandono
- accidentado
- acortar
- ascender
- auge
- auto
- automovilístico
- cima
- clasificar
- contrarreloj
- cross
- culminación
- culminante
- descolgar
- diplomacia
- diplomático
- eliminatoria
- encabezar
- enfermería
- estudiar
- fondo
- huincha
- largar
- llenar
- magisterio
- mentalizar
- participante
- peleado
- regata
English:
academic
- arms race
- blow
- career
- chequered
- circuit
- climax
- clock
- competitor
- course
- dash
- exert
- fall behind
- fortuitous
- fourth
- grandstand
- grueling
- gruelling
- hesitation
- high
- horse
- ladder
- leg
- mad
- obstacle race
- outright
- peak
- prep
- promising
- race
- relay
- run
- sack race
- scramble
- start
- stay
- steeplechase
- win
- drop
- early
- graduate
- hold
- junior
- late
- low
- move
- part
- parting
- professional
- racing

* * *

carrera nf

1. [acción de correr]
me acerqué a la tienda en una carrera I ran down to the shop;

tuve que dar una carrera para atrapar el autobús I had to run to catch the bus;

me di o [m5] pegué una carrera y lo alcancé I ran and managed to catch it;

a carrera abierta o [m5] tendida at full speed;

a la carrera [corriendo] running, at a run;
[rápidamente] fast, quickly; [alocadamente] hastily;
ir a un sitio de una carrera to run somewhere;

tomar carrera to take a Br run-up o US running start

2. [competición] race;

carreras races, racing;

un caballo de carreras a racehorse;

un coche de carreras a racing car;

sólo quedan diez motos en carrera only ten motorbikes are left in the race;

echaron una carrera hasta la puerta they raced each other to the door;

¿echamos una carrera? shall we race each other?;

varias empresas han entrado en la carrera por ganar el concurso a number of firms have joined the race to win the competition

Comp
carrera armamentística arms race;
carrera de armamentos arms race;

carrera de caballos horse race;

me gustan las carreras de caballos I like horseracing;

carrera ciclista cycle race;

carrera de coches Br motor o US auto race;

carrera contrarreloj [en ciclismo] time trial;
Fig race against the clock; RP carrera de embolsados sack race; Méx carrera de encostalados sack race;
la carrera espacial the space race;

carrera por etapas [en ciclismo] stage race;

carrera de fondo long-distance race;

carrera de fondo en carretera [en ciclismo] road race;

carrera de galgos greyhound race;

carrera hípica horse race;

carrera de medio fondo middle-distance race;

carrera de motos motorcycle race;

me gustan las carreras de motos I like motorcycle racing;

carrera de obstáculos steeplechase;
Fig
este proyecto se ha convertido en una carrera de obstáculos it has been one problem after another with this project;

carrera popular fun run;

carrera de relevos relay (race);

carrera de sacos sack race;

carrera de vallas hurdles race;

carrera de velocidad [en atletismo] sprint

3. [en béisbol, críquet] run

Comp
carrera completa home run
4. [estudios] university course;

hacer la carrera de derecho/físicas to study law/physics (at university);

tengo la carrera de Medicina I'm a medicine graduate, I have a degree in medicine;

¿qué piensas hacer cuando acabes la carrera? what do you want to do when you finish your studies?;

dejar o [m5] abandonar la carrera a medias to drop out of university o US college;

darle (una) carrera a alguien to pay for sb's studies;
Fam Fig
¡vaya carrera lleva tu hijo! your son's got quite a record!

Comp
carrera media = three-year university course (as opposed to normal five-year course);
carrera superior = university course lasting five or six years;

carrera técnica applied science degree

5. [profesión] career;

eligió la carrera de las armas she decided to join the army;

de carrera [de profesión] career;

es diplomático/militar de carrera he's a career diplomat/soldier;

hacer carrera [triunfar] to get on;

está haciendo carrera en el mundo periodístico she's carving out a career for herself as a journalist;
Esp
con estos niños tan rebeldes no se puede hacer carrera you can't do anything with these badly behaved children

6. Comp
Fam
hacer la carrera [prostituirse] to walk the streets

7. [trayecto] route

8. [de taxi] ride;

¿cuánto es la carrera a la estación? what's the fare to the station?

9. [en medias] Br ladder, US run;

tener una carrera to have a Br ladder o US run

10. [calle] street, = name of certain streets

11. Náut route

Comp
Hist la Carrera de (las) Indias the Indies run, = trade route between Seville and Spain's American colonies
12. Astron course

13. [hilera] row, line;
[de ladrillos] course
14. Tec [de émbolo] stroke

Comp
carrera ascendente upstroke;
carrera de compresión compression stroke;

carrera descendente downstroke

15. Arquit girder, beam

16. Col, Méx, Ven [en el pelo] Br parting, US part

17. RP [tejido] row

18. ver carrero

* * *

carrera

f

1 race;

a las carreras at top speed; con prisas in a rush;

hacer la carrera fam

de prostituta turn tricks fam, Br

be on the game fam

2 EDU degree course;

dar carrera a alguien put s.o. through college, Br put s.o. through university

3 profesional career;

hacer carrera pursue a career;

militar de carrera professional soldier

4 en béisbol run

5 Méx

en el pelo part, Br

parting

* * *

carrera nf

1) : run, running

a la carrera: at full speed

de carrera: hastily

2) : race

3) : course of study

4) : career, profession

5) : run (in baseball)

* * *

carrera n

1. (competición deportiva) race

¿quién ha ganado la carrera? who won the race?

2. (estudios universitarios) degree

hace la carrera de derecho he's doing a law degree

3. (profesión) career

tuvo mucho éxito a lo largo de su carrera de cantante he was very successful during his singing career

4. (en una media) ladder

llevas una carrera en la media you've got a ladder in your tights

carrera de obstáculos obstacle race

carrera de relevos relay race

carreras de caballos horse racing

Spanish-English dictionary > carrera
6 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

(1918-)

   Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.

   In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).

   As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.

    See also Education.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães
7 Boxer, Charles Ralph

(1904-2000)

Eminent British scholar, author, teacher, collector, soldier, and authority on the history of Portugal's overseas empire (1415-1825). Trained as a professional soldier, not an academic, Boxer was educated at Sandhurst and served as a British army officer and Japanese language specialist in the Far East until 1947. Captured when the Japanese took Hong Kong early in World War II, he spent the remainder of the war in Japanese prison camps. After the war, he retired from his military career and began a long, distinguished academic career. In 1947, he was appointed Camoens Professor of Portuguese, King's College, University of London. He also taught at London's School of African and Oriental Studies and at Yale and Indiana Universities.

Numbering more than 300, his many publications on the Portuguese empire in Africa, Asia, and Brazil to 1825 dominated international scholarship on the subject during the last half of the 20th century. His masterful general historical synthesis of 1969, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825, remains a classic. With his mastery of Far Eastern languages, as well as Dutch, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and German, Boxer was also an avid collector of rare coins, art objects, books, and manuscripts. His extraordinary private collection remains preserved in the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. Like his contemporary academic colleague, Gilberto Freyre, some of his writings had an impact beyond the academy and became politically controversial. Boxer's incisive 1963 book, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire ( 1415-1800), was not well-received by Portugal's dictatorship, then embroiled in colonial wars in Africa. Briefly, Boxer was ostracized in Lisbon. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, however, many of Boxer's books were published in Portuguese in Portugal.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Boxer, Charles Ralph
8 Biles, Sir John Harvard

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 1854 Portsmouth, England

d. 27 October 1933 Scotland (?)

[br]

English naval architect, academic and successful consultant in the years when British shipbuilding was at its peak.

[br]

At the conclusion of his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, Biles entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, London; as it was absorbed by the Royal Naval College, he graduated from Greenwich to the Naval Construction Branch, first at Pembroke and later at the Admiralty. From the outset of his professional career it was apparent that he had the intellectual qualities that would enable him to oversee the greatest changes in ship design of all time. He was one of the earliest proponents of the revolutionary work of the hydrodynamicist William Froude.

In 1880 Biles turned to the merchant sector, taking the post of Naval Architect to J. \& G. Thomson (later John Brown \& Co.). Using Froude's Law of Comparisons he was able to design the record-breaking City of Paris of 1887, the ship that started the fabled succession of fast and safe Clyde bank-built North Atlantic liners. For a short spell, before returning to Scotland, Biles worked in Southampton. In 1891 Biles accepted the Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow. Working from the campus at Gilmorehill, he was to make the University (the oldest school of engineering in the English-speaking world) renowned in naval architecture. His workload was legendary, but despite this he was admired as an excellent lecturer with cheerful ways which inspired devotion to the Department and the University. During the thirty years of his incumbency of the Chair, he served on most of the important government and international shipping committees, including those that recommended the design of HMS Dreadnought, the ordering of the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania and the lifesaving improvements following the Titanic disaster. An enquiry into the strength of destroyer hulls followed the loss of HMS Cobra and Viper, and he published the report on advanced experimental work carried out on HMS Wolf by his undergraduates.

In 1906 he became Consultant Naval Architect to the India Office, having already set up his own consultancy organization, which exists today as Sir J.H.Biles and Partners. His writing was prolific, with over twenty-five papers to professional institutions, sundry articles and a two-volume textbook.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1913. Knight Commander of the Indian Empire 1922. Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights 1904.

Bibliography

1905, "The strength of ships with special reference to experiments and calculations made upon HMS Wolf", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.

1911, The Design and Construction of Ships, London: Griffin.

Further Reading

C.A.Oakley, 1973, History of a Facuity, Glasgow University.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Biles, Sir John Harvard
9 Forrester, Jay Wright

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

b. 14 July 1918 Anselmo, Nebraska, USA

[br]

American electrical engineer and management expert who invented the magnetic-core random access memory used in most early digital computers.

[br]

Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

National Academy of Engineering 1967. George Washington University Inventor of the Year 1968. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal 1969. Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Award for Outstanding Accomplishments 1972. Computer Society Pioneer Award 1972. Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honour 1972. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1979. Magnetics Society Information Storage Award 1988. Honorary DEng Nebraska 1954, Newark College of Engineering 1971, Notre Dame University 1974. Honorary DSc Boston 1969, Union College 1973. Honorary DPolSci Mannheim University, Germany. Honorary DHumLett, State University of New York 1988.

Bibliography

1951, "Data storage in three dimensions using magnetic cores", Journal of Applied Physics 20: 44 (his first description of the core store).

Publications on management include: 1961, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1968, Principles of Systems, 1971, Urban Dynamics, 1980, with A.A.Legasto \& J.M.Lyneis, System Dynamics, North Holland. 1975, Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.

Further Reading

K.C.Redmond \& T.M.Smith, Project Whirlwind, the History of a Pioneer Computer (provides details of the Whirlwind computer).

H.H.Goldstine, 1993, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (for more general background to the development of computers).

Serrell et al., 1962, "Evolution of computing machines", Proceedings of the Institute of

Radio Engineers 1,047.

M.R.Williams, 1975, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.

See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

KF

Biographical history of technology > Forrester, Jay Wright
10 pena

f.

1 shame, pity.

da pena no poder hacer nada it's a shame o pity we can't do anything

el pobre me da pena I feel sorry for the poor chap

¡qué pena! what a shame o pity!

2 sadness, sorrow (tristeza).

sentía una gran pena I felt terribly sad

3 problem, trouble (desgracia).

4 struggle.

a duras penas with great difficulty

5 punishment (castigo).

le cayó o le impusieron una pena de treinta años he was sentenced to o given thirty years

so o bajo pena de under penalty of

pena capital o de muerte death penalty

6 embarrassment. (Caribbean Spanish (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela), Central American Spanish, Colombian Spanish, Mexican Spanish)

me da pena I'm embarrassed about it

7 grief, regret, sorrow, heartache.

8 penna, contour feather.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: penar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: penar.

* * *

pena

► nombre femenino

1 (castigo) sentence, punishment

■ lo han condenado a una pena de seis meses de cárcel he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment

2 (tristeza) grief, sorrow

■ me da pena verlo tan solo it makes me sad to see him so lonely

3 (lástima) pity

■ ¡qué pena que no podáis venir! it's a shame you can't make it!

4 (dificultad) hardship, trouble

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a duras penas with great difficulty

de pena familiar awful, terrible, pathetic

hecho,-a una pena familiar in a bad way

merecer la pena / valer la pena to be worth while, be worth it

sin pena ni gloria undistinguished

pena capital capital punishment

pena de muerte death penalty

* * *

noun f.

1) pity

2) sorrow

3) penalty, punishment

4) difficulty, trouble

5) shame

•

- valer la pena

* * *

SF

1) (=tristeza) sorrow

tenía mucha pena después de la muerte de su hijo — she grieved a lot o was extremely upset after her son's death

tengo una pena muy grande porque no está con nosotros — I'm very sad that he is not here with us

• alma en pena — lost soul

• dar pena, da pena verlos sufrir así — it's sad to see them suffer like that

me daba pena dejar España — I was sad o sorry to leave Spain

Pepe me da mucha pena — I feel very sorry for Pepe

• morir de (la) pena — to die of a broken heart

sin pena ni gloria —

ese año pasó sin pena ni gloria — it was an uneventful sort of year

la exposición pasó sin pena ni gloria — the exhibition went almost unnoticed

2) (=lástima) shame, pity

¿no podéis venir? ¡qué pena! — you can't come? what a shame o a pity!

¡es una pena que no tengamos más tiempo! — it's a shame o a pity that we haven't got more time!, it's too bad we haven't got more time! (EEUU)

mi habitación está que da pena verla — my room is in a terrible state *

• de pena, la economía va de pena — the economy is in a terrible state

el vestido le quedaba de pena — the dress looked terrible on her

• estar hecho una pena — to be in a sorry state

3) pl penas (=problemas)

cuéntame tus penas — tell me all your troubles

logramos superarlo con muchas penas — we had to struggle to overcome it

- ahogar las penas

- ¡allá penas!

- a duras penas

a duras penas consiguió alcanzar la orilla — he only managed to reach the shore with great difficulty

a duras penas llegamos a fin de mes — we can barely make ends meet

4) (=esfuerzo)

• ahorrarse la pena — to save o.s. the trouble, save o.s. the bother *

• merecer o valer la pena — to be worth

no merece la pena — it's not worth it

una película que vale la pena ver — a film that's worth seeing

¿merece la pena visitar la catedral? — is the cathedral worth a visit?

no vale la pena que perdamos el tiempo discutiendo eso — it's not worth wasting time arguing about it

5) (Jur) sentence

el juez le impuso una pena de tres años de prisión — the judge sentenced him to three years in prison

• bajo o so pena de — [+ castigo, multa, prisión] on o under penalty of

bajo pena de muerte — on pain of death, on o under penalty of death

tiene prohibido hacerlo, so pena de ser expulsado — he is forbidden to do it, on o under penalty of expulsion

pena capital — capital punishment

pena de muerte — death penalty

pena máxima — maximum sentence; (Ftbl) penalty

pena pecuniaria — fine

pena privativa de libertad — custodial sentence

6) Méx, And (=vergüenza) embarrassment

me da mucha pena — I'm very embarrassed

¡qué pena! — how embarrassing!

sentir o tener pena — to be o feel embarrassed, be o feel ill at ease

7) And (=fantasma) ghost

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( tristeza)

tenía/sentía mucha pena — he was o felt very sad

me da pena verlo — it upsets me o it makes me sad to see it

a mí la que me da pena es su mujer — it's his wife I feel sorry for

está que da pena — she's in a terrible state

me da pena tener que decírselo — it hurts me to have to tell him

lloraba con tanta pena — he was crying so bitterly

b) ( lástima) pity, shame

qué pena! — what a pity o shame!

es una pena que... — it's a pity (that)...

de pena — (Esp) terrible

estar hecho una pena — to be in a sorry o terrible state

sin pena ni gloria — almost unnoticed

vale or merece la pena — it's worth it

vale la pena leerlo/visitarlo — it's worth reading/a visit

no vale la pena intentar convencerlo — there's no point o it's not worth trying to persuade him

2) penas femenino plural

a) ( problemas) sorrows (pl)

ahogar las penas — to drown one's sorrows

me contó sus penas — he told me his troubles o (liter or hum) woes

a duras penas — ( apenas) hardly; ( con dificultad) with difficulty

b) ( penalidades) hardship

pasamos muchas penas — we suffered great hardship

3) (Der) sentence

la pena máxima — the maximum sentence

bajo or so pena de — (frml) on pain of (frml)

so pena de repetirme — at the risk of repeating myself

- pena capital or de muerte

4) (AmL exc CS) ( vergüenza) embarrassment

qué pena! — how embarrasing!

me da mucha pena pedírselo — I'm too embarrassed to ask him

quitado de la pena — (Méx) blithely, gaily

5) (Per) ( fantasma) ghost

* * *

= woe, distress, grief, regret, criminalisation [criminalization, -USA], grieving, woefulness, heartache, misery.

Ex. 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.

Ex. The reason for his distress seemed to have been twofold: he derived comfort from reading the roll and he would have found it very embarassing to admit at the end of his journey that he had lost it.

Ex. This paper discusses the ways in which books may be used to help bereaved children to understand death and other aspects of grief.

Ex. Spalding's regret is quite understandable, for few of those seeking to identify particular editions in the catalog will fail to be confused by the results of this decision.

Ex. In our opinion, it is more relevant to focus on the Cuban government's criminalization of the unauthorized ownership of computers and its effective banning of the World Wide Web.

Ex. The article 'Words of comfort: resources for the living and dying' reviews books on death and grieving for purposes of collection development in the area.

Ex. In presenting this story, Amenabar has managed to avoid both saccharine sentimentality and easy woefulness.

Ex. Lovelorn staff at a Japanese company can take paid time off after an upsetting break-up with a partner, with more ' heartache leave' offered as they get older.

Ex. Perhaps Jane Austen was aware of this, for having stated the fact of the elopement briefly, she says airily: 'Let other pens dwell on guilt and misery, I quit such odious subjects as soon as I can'.

----

* a duras pena = with great difficulty.

* alegrías y penas = pleasures and pains.

* alma en pena = banshee.

* arreglárselas a duras penas = muddle through.

* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* chillar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.

* condenar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.

* contarle las penas a Alguien = sob + Posesivo + heart out to.

* de puta pena = appalling, deplorable.

* en pena = in grief.

* ganarse la vida a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.

* gemir como alma en pena = wail like + a banshee.

* gritar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.

* merecer la pena = be worth + the effort, be worthwhile, be worth + Posesivo + time, be worth it.

* merecer la pena considerar más detalladamente = repay + full consideration.

* merecer la pena el esfuerzo = repay + effort.

* merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

* merecer la pena + Infinitivo = be worth + Gerundio, be worthy of + Gerundio, it + be + worth + Gerundio.

* merecer la pena intentarlo = be worth a try.

* merecerle la pena a Uno = be worth + Posesivo + while.

* no merecer la pena = be no good.

* no valer la pena = be no good.

* parecer + merecer la pena + Infinitivo = seem + worth + Gerundio.

* pena capital = capital punishment.

* pena de muerte = death penalty, death row.

* pena de prisión = custodial sentence, jail sentence.

* que merece la pena = worthwhile.

* que vale la pena = worthwhile.

* salir adelante a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.

* sentenciar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.

* sentir pena por = feel + sorry for.

* valer la pena = be not for nothing, be worth it, be worthwhile, be worth + the effort, be worth + Posesivo + time.

* valer la pena leer Algo = repay + reading.

* valerle la pena a Uno = be worth + Posesivo + while.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( tristeza)

tenía/sentía mucha pena — he was o felt very sad

me da pena verlo — it upsets me o it makes me sad to see it

a mí la que me da pena es su mujer — it's his wife I feel sorry for

está que da pena — she's in a terrible state

me da pena tener que decírselo — it hurts me to have to tell him

lloraba con tanta pena — he was crying so bitterly

b) ( lástima) pity, shame

qué pena! — what a pity o shame!

es una pena que... — it's a pity (that)...

de pena — (Esp) terrible

estar hecho una pena — to be in a sorry o terrible state

sin pena ni gloria — almost unnoticed

vale or merece la pena — it's worth it

vale la pena leerlo/visitarlo — it's worth reading/a visit

no vale la pena intentar convencerlo — there's no point o it's not worth trying to persuade him

2) penas femenino plural

a) ( problemas) sorrows (pl)

ahogar las penas — to drown one's sorrows

me contó sus penas — he told me his troubles o (liter or hum) woes

a duras penas — ( apenas) hardly; ( con dificultad) with difficulty

b) ( penalidades) hardship

pasamos muchas penas — we suffered great hardship

3) (Der) sentence

la pena máxima — the maximum sentence

bajo or so pena de — (frml) on pain of (frml)

so pena de repetirme — at the risk of repeating myself

- pena capital or de muerte

4) (AmL exc CS) ( vergüenza) embarrassment

qué pena! — how embarrasing!

me da mucha pena pedírselo — I'm too embarrassed to ask him

quitado de la pena — (Méx) blithely, gaily

5) (Per) ( fantasma) ghost

* * *

= woe, distress, grief, regret, criminalisation [criminalization, -USA], grieving, woefulness, heartache, misery.

Ex: 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.

Ex: The reason for his distress seemed to have been twofold: he derived comfort from reading the roll and he would have found it very embarassing to admit at the end of his journey that he had lost it.

Ex: This paper discusses the ways in which books may be used to help bereaved children to understand death and other aspects of grief.

Ex: Spalding's regret is quite understandable, for few of those seeking to identify particular editions in the catalog will fail to be confused by the results of this decision.

Ex: In our opinion, it is more relevant to focus on the Cuban government's criminalization of the unauthorized ownership of computers and its effective banning of the World Wide Web.

Ex: The article 'Words of comfort: resources for the living and dying' reviews books on death and grieving for purposes of collection development in the area.

Ex: In presenting this story, Amenabar has managed to avoid both saccharine sentimentality and easy woefulness.

Ex: Lovelorn staff at a Japanese company can take paid time off after an upsetting break-up with a partner, with more ' heartache leave' offered as they get older.

Ex: Perhaps Jane Austen was aware of this, for having stated the fact of the elopement briefly, she says airily: 'Let other pens dwell on guilt and misery, I quit such odious subjects as soon as I can'.

* a duras pena = with great difficulty.

* alegrías y penas = pleasures and pains.

* alma en pena = banshee.

* arreglárselas a duras penas = muddle through.

* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.

* causar pena = cause + hurt.

* chillar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.

* condenar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.

* contarle las penas a Alguien = sob + Posesivo + heart out to.

* de puta pena = appalling, deplorable.

* en pena = in grief.

* ganarse la vida a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.

* gemir como alma en pena = wail like + a banshee.

* gritar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.

* merecer la pena = be worth + the effort, be worthwhile, be worth + Posesivo + time, be worth it.

* merecer la pena considerar más detalladamente = repay + full consideration.

* merecer la pena el esfuerzo = repay + effort.

* merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

* merecer la pena + Infinitivo = be worth + Gerundio, be worthy of + Gerundio, it + be + worth + Gerundio.

* merecer la pena intentarlo = be worth a try.

* merecerle la pena a Uno = be worth + Posesivo + while.

* no merecer la pena = be no good.

* no valer la pena = be no good.

* parecer + merecer la pena + Infinitivo = seem + worth + Gerundio.

* pena capital = capital punishment.

* pena de muerte = death penalty, death row.

* pena de prisión = custodial sentence, jail sentence.

* que merece la pena = worthwhile.

* que vale la pena = worthwhile.

* salir adelante a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.

* sentenciar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.

* sentir pena por = feel + sorry for.

* valer la pena = be not for nothing, be worth it, be worthwhile, be worth + the effort, be worth + Posesivo + time.

* valer la pena leer Algo = repay + reading.

* valerle la pena a Uno = be worth + Posesivo + while.

* * *

pena

feminine

A

1

(tristeza): tenía mucha pena he was o felt very sad

me da pena ver a esos niños pidiendo limosna it upsets me o it makes me sad to see those children begging

a mí la que me da pena es su pobre mujer it's his poor wife I feel sorry for

está que da pena she's in a terrible state

no te imaginas la pena que me da tener que decírtelo you can't imagine how much it hurts me to have to tell you

lloraba con tanta pena he was crying so bitterly

sentí mucha pena cuando me enteré de su muerte I was very sad to hear of his death

2 (lástima) pity, shame

¡qué pena que no te puedas quedar! what a pity o a shame you can't stay!

es una pena que no hayas seguido sus consejos it's a pity you didn't take her advice

de pena ( Esp); terrible

ese vestido le queda de pena that dress looks terrible o awful o dreadful on her

en las fotos siempre salgo de pena I always look awful o terrible in photographs

¿cómo te fue en el examen? — de pena how was your exam? — awful o terrible, how did you get on in your exam? — really badly

estar hecho una pena to be in a sorry o terrible state, be in a bad way

sin pena ni gloria almost unnoticed

una película que pasó por las carteleras sin pena ni gloria a movie which came and went almost unnoticed

pasó por la universidad sin pena ni gloria he had an undistinguished university career

vale or merece la pena it's worth it

merece la pena leerlo it's worth reading

no vale la pena intentar convencerlo there's no point o it's not worth trying to persuade him

un museo que bien vale la pena visitar a museum which is well worth a visit o ( frml) which is worthy of a visit

bien merece la pena correr el riesgo it's well worth the risk

B penas fpl

1

(dolores, problemas): bebe para ahogar las penas she drinks to drown her sorrows

vino a contarme sus penas he came to tell me his problems o troubles o ( literor hum) woes

sus hijos no le han dado más que penas her children have caused her nothing but sorrow o heartache

a duras penas (apenas) hardly; (con dificultad) with difficulty

te oigo a duras penas I can scarcely o hardly o barely hear you

subió a duras penas las escaleras she had great difficulty climbing the stairs

llegaron a la meta, pero a duras penas they reached the finishing line, but only just o only with difficulty

2 (penurias, dificultades) hardship

pasamos muchas penas para pagarlo we suffered great hardship to pay for it

pasaron grandes penas durante la expedición they underwent great difficulties o hardship during the expedition

C ( Der) sentence

el juez le impuso la pena máxima the judge gave him the maximum sentence

bajo or so pena de ( frml); on pain of ( frml), under penalty of ( frml)

so pena de caer en repeticiones at the risk of repeating myself

Compuestos:

● pena aflictiva

afflictive punishment

● pena capital

death penalty

los que se oponen a la pena capital those opposed to the death penalty o to capital punishment

● pena corporal

corporal punishment

● pena de muerte

death penalty

● pena pecuniaria

fine

● pena privativa de libertad

custodial sentence

D ( AmL exc CS) (vergüenza) embarrassment

le da una pena horrible hablar en público she's terribly shy o embarrassed about speaking in public

me da pena molestarlos a esta hora de la noche I feel awful o terrible o embarrassed disturbing you at this time of night

me puse roja de la pena I went red with embarrassment

quitado de la pena ( Méx); blithely, gaily

E ( Per) (fantasma) ghost

* * *

Del verbo penar: ( conjugate penar)

pena es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
pena
penar
peña
pena sustantivo femenino
1
a) ( tristeza):

◊ tenía/sentía mucha peña he was o felt very sad;

me da peña verlo it upsets me o it makes me sad to see it;
a mí la que me da peña es su mujer it's his wife I feel sorry for;
está que da peña she's in a terrible state
b) ( lástima) pity, shame;

◊ ¡qué peña! what a pity o shame!;

es una peña que … it's a pity (that) …;
vale or merece la peña it's worth it;
vale la peña leerlo/visitarlo it's worth reading/a visit
2
◊ penas sustantivo femenino plural

a) ( problemas) sorrows (pl);

◊ ahogar las peñas to drown one's sorrows;

me contó sus peñas he told me his troubles;
a duras peñas ( apenas) hardly;

( con dificultad) with difficulty
b) ( penalidades) hardship

3 (Der) sentence;
◊ la peña máxima the maximum sentence;

peña capital or de muerte death penalty
4 (AmL exc CS) ( vergüenza) embarrassment;
◊ ¡qué peña! how embarrasing!;

me da mucha peña pedírselo I'm too embarrassed to ask him
peña sustantivo femenino
1 ( roca) crag, rock
2
a) ( grupo) circle, group;

◊ peña taurina bullfighting club

b) (AmL) tb

◊ peña folklórica folk club

pena sustantivo femenino
1 (castigo) punishment, penalty: fue condenado a pena de muerte, he was sentenced to death
2 (tristeza) grief, sorrow, sadness: es una pena que no vengas, it's a pity you're not coming
3 (dificultad) hardships pl, trouble
♦ Locuciones: estar hecho una pena, to be in a terrible state
merecer o valer la pena, to be worth: no merece la pena que lo hagas, it's not worth doing it
a duras penas, hardly
sin pena ni gloria, almost unnoticed
peña sustantivo femenino
1 rock, crag
2 (de socios, de amigos) club
3 fam (gente) people
(pandilla) gang
' peña' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ay
- cáliz
- capital
- cicatrizar
- compensar
- condonar
- conmutar
- dar
- desgarrador
- desgarradora
- garrote
- horda
- lamentable
- lastimosa
- lastimoso
- merecer
- mortificar
- mortificarse
- pena
- pesar
- rebajar
- sentimiento
- so
- valer
- aliviar
- castigar
- causar
- consumir
- dolor
- enorme
- gemido
- grande
- herida
- hondo
- imponer
- indultar
- indulto
- inmenso
- lástima
- mal
- mitigar
- presidio
- prisión
- severidad
- suspirar
English:
bother
- capital punishment
- carry
- dear
- death penalty
- grief
- grieve
- hassle
- heart
- jail
- mope about
- mope around
- numb
- opposed
- pay
- pay off
- penalty
- prostrate
- remission
- retribution
- sentence
- shame
- sorrow
- term
- trouble
- try
- wail
- worth
- worthwhile
- against
- ashamed
- broken
- capital
- community
- death
- effort
- embarrassed
- embarrassing
- embarrassment
- hurt
- mortified
- painfully
- pity
- sort
- suspended
- well

* * *

pena nf

1. [lástima] shame, pity;

es una pena (que no puedas venir) it's a shame o pity (you can't come);

da pena no poder hacer nada it's a shame o pity we can't do anything;

el pobre me da pena I feel sorry for the poor guy;

me da pena ver lo pobres que son it's awful to see how poor they are;

me da pena tener que irme ya I hate to have to leave already;

¡qué pena! what a shame o pity!;

¡qué pena de hijo tengo! what a useless son I've got!

2. [tristeza] sadness, sorrow;

sentía una gran pena I felt terribly sad

3. [desgracia] problem, trouble;

bebe para olvidar o [m5] ahogar las penas he drinks to drown his sorrows;

me contó sus penas she told me her troubles o about her problems

4. [dificultad] struggle;

pasaron grandes penas durante la guerra they suffered great hardship during the war;

subimos el piano a duras penas we got the piano up the stairs with great difficulty;

con mi sueldo mantengo a duras penas a mi familia my salary is barely enough for me to support my family;

consiguieron llegar a duras penas they only just managed to get there

5. [castigo] punishment;

le cayó o [m5] le impusieron una pena de treinta años he was sentenced to o given thirty years;

cumplió pena en la prisión de Alcatraz he served his sentence in Alcatraz;
Formal
so o [m5] bajo pena de [bajo castigo de] under penalty of;
[a menos que] unless
Comp
pena capital death penalty;
pena de cárcel prison sentence;

pena máxima [jurídica] maximum sentence;
[en fútbol] penalty;
pena de muerte death penalty;

pena de reclusión prison sentence

6. CAm, Carib, Col, Méx [vergüenza] embarrassment;

me da pena I'm embarrassed about it;

me da pena molestar I'm terribly sorry to bother you;

tengo pena de hablar con ella I'm too embarrassed to talk to her

7. Comp
Esp Fam
de pena [muy mal] [m5] lo pasamos de pena we had an awful time;

dibuja/cocina de pena he can't draw/cook to save his life, he's useless at drawing/cooking;

ese peinado le queda de pena that haircut looks terrible on her;
Fam
hecho una pena in a real state;

(no) valer o [m5] merecer la pena (not) to be worthwhile o worth it;

una película que merece la pena a movie that's worth seeing;

vale la pena intentarlo it's worth a try;

no merece la pena que te preocupes tanto there's no point you getting so worried;

sin pena ni gloria without distinction;

un jugador que pasó por el equipo sin pena ni gloria a player who had an undistinguished career in the team;

el año acabó sin pena ni gloria it was a wholly unremarkable year

* * *

pena

f

1 ( tristeza) sadness, sorrow;

da pena it’s sad

2 ( congoja) grief, distress

3 ( lástima) pity;

es una pena it’s a shame o pity;

¡qué pena! what a shame o pity!

4 L.Am. ( vergüenza) embarrassment;

me da pena I’m embarrassed

5 JUR sentence

6

:

no vale o

no merece la pena it’s not worth it;

a duras penas with great difficulty;

so pena de on pain of;

con más pena que gloria ingloriously;

sin pena ni gloria almost unnoticed

* * *

pena nf

1) castigo: punishment, penalty

pena de muerte: death penalty

2) aflicción: sorrow, grief

morir de pena: to die of a broken heart

¡que pena!: what a shame!, how sad!

3) dolor: pain, suffering

4) dificultad: difficulty, trouble

a duras penas: with great difficulty

5) vergüenza: shame, embarrassment

6)

valer la pena : to be worthwhile

* * *

pena n

1. (tristeza) grief / sorrow / sadness

sintió pena por los niños pobres she felt sorry for those poor children

me da mucha pena marcharme I'm very sad to leave

2. (lástima) shame / pity

es una pena que te tengas que ir ya it's a shame you've got to leave now

¡qué pena! what a pity!

3. (condena) sentence

lo han condenado a una pena de seis meses de cárcel he's been given a six months' prison sentence

4. (problema) trouble / problem

cada cual tiene sus penas everybody's got their problems

a duras penas with great difficulty

de pena terrible

merecer la pena / valer la pena to be worth it

no vale la pena it's not worth it

pena de muerte death penalty

Spanish-English dictionary > pena
11 Parker, George Safford

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. 1 November 1863 Shullsberg, Wisconsin, USA

d. 19 July 1937 USA

[br]

American perfector of the fountain pen and founder of the Parker Pen Company.

[br]

Parker was born of English immigrant stock and grew up on his parents' farm in Iowa. He matriculated at Upper Iowa University and then joined the Valentine School of Telegraphy at Jamesville, Wisconsin: within a year he was on the staff. He supplemented his meagre school-master's pay by selling fountain pens to his students. He found that the pens needed constant attention, and his students were continually bringing them back to him for repair. The more he sold, the more he repaired. The work furnished him, first, with a detailed knowledge of the design and construction of the fountain pen and then with the thought that he could make a better pen himself. He gave up his teaching career and in 1888 began experimenting. He established his own company and in the following year he registered his first patent. The Parker Pen Company was formally incorporated on 8 March 1892.

In the following years he patented many improvements, including the Lucky Curve pen and ink-feed system, patented in 1894. That was the real breakthrough for Parker and the pen was an immediate success. It solved the problem that had bedevilled the fountain pen before and since, by incorporating an ink-feed system that ensured a free and uniform flow of ink to where it was wanted, the nib, and not to other undesirable places.

Parker established a reputation for manufacturing high-quality pens that looked good and worked well and reliably. The pens were in demand worldwide and the company grew.

During the First World War, Parker introduced the Trench Pen for use on the Western Front. A tablet of pigment was inserted in a blind cap at the end of the pen. When this tablet was placed in the barrel and the barrel was filled with water, the pen was ready for use.

Later developments included the Duofold pen, designed and launched in 1920. It had an enlarged ink capacity, a red barrel and a twentyfive-year guarantee on the nib. It became immensely popular with the public and was the flagship product throughout the 1920s and early 1930s, until the Vacumatic was launched in 1933.

Parker handed over control of the company to this two sons, Kenneth and Russell, during the 1920s, remaining President until his retirement in 1933.

[br]

Further Reading

Obituary, 1937, Jamesville Gazette 19 July (an appreciation by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright was published simultaneously). No biography has appeared, but Parker gave details of his career in an article in Systems

Review, October 1926.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Parker, George Safford
12 Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

b. 26 June 1911 Stockport, Cheshire, England

d. 11 August 1977 Prestbury, Cheshire, England

[br]

English electrical engineer who invented the Williams storage cathode ray tube, which was extensively used worldwide as a data memory in the first digital computers.

[br]

Following education at Stockport Grammar School, Williams entered Manchester University in 1929, gaining his BSc in 1932 and MSc in 1933. After a short time as a college apprentice with Metropolitan Vickers, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, to study for a DPhil, which he was awarded in 1936. He returned to Manchester University that year as an assistant lecturer, gaining his DSc in 1939. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he worked for the Scientific Civil Service, initially at the Bawdsey Research Station and then at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire. There he was involved in research on non-incandescent amplifiers and diode rectifiers and the development of the first practical radar system capable of identifying friendly aircraft. Later in the war, he devised an automatic radar system suitable for use by fighter aircraft.

After the war he resumed his academic career at Manchester, becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the University Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1946. In the same year he succeeded in developing a data-memory device based on the cathode ray tube, in which the information was stored and read by electron-beam scanning of a charge-retaining target. The Williams storage tube, as it became known, not only found obvious later use as a means of storing single-frame, still television images but proved to be a vital component of the pioneering Manchester University MkI digital computer. Because it enabled both data and program instructions to be stored in the computer, it was soon used worldwide in the development of the early stored-program computers.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1976. OBE 1945. CBE 1961. FRS 1950. Hon. DSc Durham 1964, Sussex 1971, Wales 1971. First Royal Society of Arts Benjamin Franklin Medal 1957. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1960. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1963. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1972. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pioneer Award 1973.

Bibliography

Williams contributed papers to many scientific journals, including Proceedings of the Royal Society, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Wireless Engineer, Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal. Note especially: 1948, with J.Kilburn, "Electronic digital computers", Nature 162:487; 1949, with J.Kilburn, "A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 96:81; 1975, "Early computers at Manchester University", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 45:327. Williams also collaborated in the writing of vols 19 and 20 of the MIT Radiation

Laboratory Series.

Further Reading

B.Randell, 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall. See also: Stibitz, George R.; Strachey, Christopher.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Frederic Calland
13 Aubert, Jean

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 7 February 1894 Paris, France

d. 25 November 1984 Paris, France

[br]

French civil engineer.

[br]

Aubert was educated at the Lycée Louis-leGrand in Paris, and entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1913. His studies were interrupted by the First World War, when he served as an artillery officer, being wounded twice and awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1916. He returned to the Ecole Polytechnique in 1919, and from 1920 to 1922 he attended the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées; he graduated as Bachelor of Law from the University of Paris.

In 1922 he began his long career, devoted principally to river and canal works. He was engineer in charge of the navigation works in Paris until 1932; he was then appointed Professor in the Chair of Internal Navigation at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, a post he held until his retirement in 1961. From 1933 to 1945 he was general manager and later chairman of the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône; from 1945 to 1953, chairman of the electricity board of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français; and from 1949 to 1967, chairman of the Rhine Navigation Company. Following his retirement, he was chairman of the Société des Constructions des Batignolles, and from 1966 consulting engineer and honorary chairman of SPIE Batignolles; he was also chairman of several other companies.

In 1919 he published La Probabilité dans les tires de guerre, for which he was awarded the Pierson-Perrim prize by the Académie des Sciences in 1922. During his career he wrote numerous articles and papers on technical and economic subjects, his last, entitled "Philosophic de la pente d'eau", appearing in the journal Travaux in 1984 when he was ninety years old.

Aubert's principal works included the construction of the Pont Edouard-Herriort on the Rhône at Lyon; the design and construction of the Génissiat and Lonzères-Mondragon dams on the Rhône; and the conception and design of the Denouval dam on the Seine near Andresy, completed in 1980. He was awarded the Caméré prize in 1934 by the Académie des Sciences for a new type of movable dam. Overseas governments and the United Nations consulted him on river navigation inter alia in Brazil, on the Mahanadi river in India, on the Konkomé river in Guinea, on the Vistula river in Poland, on the Paraguay river in South America and others.

In 1961 he published his revolutionary ideas on the pente d'eau, or "water slope", which was designed to eliminate delays and loss of water in transferring barges from one level to another, without the use of locks. This design consisted of a sloping flume or channel through which a wedge of water, in which the barge was floating, was pushed by a powered unit. A prototype at Mon tech on the Canal Latéral at La Garonne, bypassing five locks, was opened in 1973. A second was opened in 1984 on the Canal du Midi at Fonserannes, near Béziers.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Croix de Guerre 1916. Académie des Sciences: Prix Pierson-Perrim 1922, Prix Caméré 1934. Ingénieur Général des Ponts et Chaussées 1951. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur 1960.

Further Reading

David Tew, 1984, Canal Inclines and Lifts, Gloucester: Alan Sutton.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Aubert, Jean
14 Marrison, Warren Alvin

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Horology

[br]

b. 21 May 1896 Inverary, Canada

d. 27 March 1980 Palo Verdes Estates, California, USA

[br]

Canadian (naturalized American) electrical engineer, pioneer of the quartz clock.

[br]

Marrison received his high-school education at Kingston Collegiate Institute, Ontario, and in 1914 he entered Queen's University in Kingston. He graduated in Engineering Physics in 1920, his college career having been interrupted by war service in the Royal Flying Corps. During his service in the Flying Corps he worked on radio, and when he returned to Kingston he established his own transmitter. This interest in radio was later to influence his professional life.

In 1921 he entered Harvard University, where he obtained an MA, and shortly afterwards he joined the Western Electric Company in New York to work on the recording of sound on film. In 1925 he transferred to Western Electric's Bell Laboratory, where he began what was to become his life's work: the development of frequency standards for radio transmission. In 1922 Cady had used the elastic vibration of a quartz crystal to control the frequency of a valve oscillator, but at that time there was no way of counting and displaying the number of vibrations as the frequency was too high. In 1927 Marrison succeeded in dividing the frequency electronically until it was low enough to drive a synchronous motor. Although his purpose was to determine the frequency accurately by counting the number of vibrations that occurred in a given time, he had incidentally produced the first quartz-crystal -ontrolled clock. The results were sufficiently encouraging for him to build an improved version the following year, specifically as a time and frequency standard.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

British Horological Institute Gold Medal 1947. Clockmakers' Company Tompion Medal 1955.

Bibliography

1928, with J.W.Horton, "Precision measurement of frequency", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 16:137–54 (provides details of the original quartz clock, although it was not described as such).

1930, "The crystal clock", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 16:496–507 (describes the second clock).

Further Reading

W.R.Topham, 1989, "Warren A.Marrison—pioneer of the quartz revolution", NAWCC Bulletin 31(2):126–34.

J.D.Weaver, 1982, Electrical and Electronic Clocks and Watches, London (a technical assessment of his work on the quartz clock).

DV

Biographical history of technology > Marrison, Warren Alvin
15 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England

d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland

[br]

English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.

[br]

After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.

In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.

He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.

Bibliography

1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).

1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).

1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the

Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).

with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).

Further Reading

Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).

J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
16 Toffler, Alvin

(b. 1928) Gen Mgt

U.S. futurist and social commentator. Known for his analyses of the future which embraced the impact of the Information Society and the wired age, and the knowledge economy. His first book was Future Shock (1970).

Toffler studied English at New York University. In the early stages of his journalistic career, he was commissioned by IBM to write a report on the long-term social and organizational implications of the computer. He worked as Washington correspondent for a Pennsylvania newspaper and as associate editor of Fortune before being employed as a visiting professor at Cornell University, a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation, and a teacher at the New School for Social Research.

The ultimate business dictionary > Toffler, Alvin
17 Somerset, Edward, 2nd Marquis of Worcester

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

b. 1601

d. 3 April 1667 Lambeth (?), London, England

[br]

English inventor of a steam-operated pump for raising water, described in his work A Century of…Inventions.

[br]

Edward Somerset became 6th Earl and 2nd Marquis of Worcester and Titular Earl of Glamorgan. He was educated privately and then abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and France. He was made Councillor of Wales in 1633 and Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire in 1635. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he was commissioned to levy forces against the Scots in 1640. He garrisoned Raglan Castle for the King and was employed by Charles I to bring troops in from Ireland. He was declared an enemy of the realm by Parliament and was banished, remaining in France for some years. On the Restoration, he recovered most of his estates, principally in South Wales, and was able to devote most of his time to mechanical studies and experiments.

Soon after 1626, he had employed the services of a skilled Dutch or German mechanic, Caspar Kaltoff, to make small-scale models for display to interested people. In 1638 he showed Charles I a 14 ft (4.3m) diameter wheel carrying forty weights that was claimed to have solved the problem of perpetual motion. He wrote his Century of the Names and Scantlings of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call to Mind to have Tried and Perfected in 1655, but it was not published until 1663: no. 68 describes "An admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by fire", which has been claimed as an early steam-engine. Before the Civil War he made experiments at Raglan Castle, and after the war he built one of his engines at Vauxhall, London, where it raised water to a height of 40 ft (12 m). An Act of Parliament enabling Worcester to receive the benefit and profits of his water-commanding engine for ninety-nine years did not restore his fortunes. Descriptions of this invention are so vague that it cannot be reconstructed.

[br]

Bibliography

1655, Century of the Names and Scantlings of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call to Mind to have Tried and Perfected.

Further Reading

H.Dircks, 1865, The Life, Times and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester.

Dictionary of National Biography, 1898, Vol. L, London: Smith Elder \& Co. (mainly covers his political career).

H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (discusses his steam engine invention).

W.H.Thorpe, 1932–3, "The Marquis of Worcester and Vauxhall", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13.

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Somerset, Edward, 2nd Marquis of Worcester
18 have the world at one's feet

завоевать всеобщее признание, иметь блестящий успех

Now that he has got into Parliament, nothing should stop him. With his marvellous University career behind him, his brilliance, his fortune, and his personality, he should have the world at his feet in another five years. (SPI) — Теперь, когда он стал членом парламента, ему обеспечено самое блестящее будущее. Умен, богат, с сильным характером, выдающиеся успехи на университетском поприще - через пять лет мир будет у его ног.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > have the world at one's feet
19 MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 1793 (?) Mount Pleasant, near Dundalk, Louth, Ireland

d. 2 March 1880

[br]

Irish railway engineer and educator.

[br]

Sir John MacNeill became a pupil of Thomas Telford and served under him as Superintendent of the Southern Division of the Holyhead Road from London to Shrewsbury. In this capacity he invented a "Road Indicator" or dynamometer. Like other Telford followers, he viewed the advent of railways with some antipathy, but after the death of Telford in 1834 he quickly became involved in railway construction and in 1837 he was retained by the Irish Railway Commissioners to build railways in the north of Ireland (Vignoles received the commission for the south). Much of his subsequent career was devoted to schemes for Irish railways, both those envisaged by the Commissioners and other private lines with more immediately commercial objectives. He was knighted in 1844 on the completion of the Dublin \& Drogheda Railway along the east coast of Ireland. In 1845 MacNeill lodged plans for over 800 miles (1,300 km) of Irish railways. Not all of these were built, many falling victim to Irish poverty in the years after the Famine, but he maintained a large staff and became financially embarrassed. His other schemes included the Grangemouth Docks in Scotland, the Liverpool \& Bury Railway, and the Belfast Waterworks, the latter completed in 1843 and subsequently extended by Bateman.

MacNeill was an engineer of originality, being the person who introduced iron-lattice bridges into Britain, employing the theoretical and experimental work of Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson (the Boyne Bridge at Drogheda had two such spans of 250ft (76m) each). He also devised the Irish railway gauge of 5 ft 2 in. (1.57 m). Consulted by the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, regarding a School of Engineering in 1842, he was made an Honorary LLD of the University and appointed the first Professor of Civil Engineering, but he relinquished the chair to his assistant, Samuel Downing, in 1846. MacNeill was a large and genial man, but not, we are told, "of methodical and business habit": he relied heavily on his subordinates. Blindness obliged him to retire from practice several years before his death. He was an early member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, joining in 1827, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1838.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1838.

Further Reading

Dictionary of National Biography. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers

73:361–71.

AB

Biographical history of technology > MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin
20 Vail, Alfred Lewis

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

[br]

b. 25 September 1807 Morristown, New Jersey, USA

d. 18 January 1859 Morristown, New Jersey, USA

[br]

American telegraph pioneer and associate of Samuel Morse; widely credited with the invention of "Morse" code.

[br]

After leaving school, Vail was initially employed at his father's ironworks in Morristown, but he then decided to train for the Presbyterian ministry, graduating from New York City University in 1836. Unfortunately, he was then obliged to abandon his chosen career because of ill health. He accidentally met Samuel Morse not long afterwards, and he became interested in the latter's telegraph experiments; in return for a share of the rights, he agreed to construct apparatus and finance the filing of US and foreign patents. Working in Morristown with Morse and Leonard Gale, and with financial backing from his father, Vail constructed around his father's plant a telegraph with 3 miles (4.8 km) of wire. It is also possible that he, rather than Morse, was largely responsible for devising the so-called Morse code, a series of dot and dash codes representing the letters of the alphabet, and in which the simplest codes were chosen for those letters found to be most numerous in a case of printer's type. This system was first demonstrated on 6 January 1838 and there were subsequent public demonstrations in New York and Philadelphia. Eventually Congress authorized an above-ground line between Washington and Baltimore, and on 24 May 1844 the epoch-making message "What hath God wrought?" was transmitted.

Vail remained with Morse for a further four years, but he gradually lost interest in telegraphy and resigned, receiving no credit for his important contribution.

[br]

Bibliography

The Magnetic Telegraph.

Further Reading

1845, American Electrotelegraph 135.

J.J.Fahie, 1884, A History of the Electric Telegraph to the Year 1837, London: E\&F Spon.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Vail, Alfred Lewis

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